| Organizations need to be understood and intelligently managed because they are an ever-present | | |
| A common goal or purpose gives organization members | | |
| Division of labor permits organization member to become more proficient by | | |
| Organizational classifications aid systematic analysis and | | |
| Modern organization theorists tend to prefer open-system thinking because it realistically incorporates | | |
When bureaucratic characteristics, which are present in all organizations, are carried to
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| Open-system thinking became a promising alternative because it was useful in explaining the necessity of | | |
